平和县琯溪蜜柚产业化发展现状与对策分析

简述平和琯溪蜜柚产业发展现状和存在问题,提出发展规模化种植、加大科技投入力度、完善果园的基础设施和防灾减灾体系建设、加强品牌管理、壮大龙头企业、推进深层次开发等应对策略。     

高效液相色谱-紫外法检测蜂蜜中甲砜霉素的残留

研究确立了蜂蜜中甲砜霉素残留的高效液相色谱检测的方法。样品经碱性乙酸乙酯提取,旋转蒸发进行浓缩,C18固相萃取柱萃取净化,在225 nm波长下用紫外检测器进行检测。通过前处理条件的优化大大减少了基质的干扰,甲砜霉素的最低检测限达到30μg.kg-1,低于中华人民共和国行业标准SN 0199-93中规定的50μg.kg-1;平均回收率在71.3%～90.9%之间,变异系数为2.0%～3.4%。该方法精密度和重现性良好,适用于蜂蜜中甲砜霉素的检测。     

Wind tunnel studies on spray deposition on leaves of tree species used for windbreaks and exposure of honey bees

A wind tunnel study was conducted to determine pesticide deposition on commonly used windbreak tree species used as spray drift barriers and associated exposure of honey bees. Although it has been known that windbreaks are effective in reducing chemical drift from agricultural applications, there is still an enormous information and data gap on details of the dependence of the mechanism on the biological materials of the barriers and on standardization of relevant assessment methods. Beneficial arthropods like honey bees are adversely affected by airborne drift of pesticides. A study was initiated by first establishing a wind tunnel to create a controlled environment for capture efficiency work. Suitable spray parameters were determined after a preliminary study to construct and develop a wind tunnel protocol. A tracer dye solution was sprayed onto the windbreak samples and honey bees located in the wind tunnel at various simulated wind speeds. Analysis of data from this work has shown that needle-like foliage of windbreak trees captures two to four times more spray than broad-leaves. In addition, it was determined that, at lower wind speeds, flying bees tend to capture slightly more spray than bees at rest.     

温度、柠檬酸和抗环血酸对冬蜜中多酚氧化酶活性的影响

以儿茶酚为底物,采用紫外分光光度法,测定冬蜜中多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性。结果表明,在20～90℃的条件下,冬蜜中PPO的活性,随着温度的升高而增强;在冬蜜中添加0.1%柠檬酸时,对其PPO活性抑制效果最好;但添加0.1%抗坏血酸(Vc)时,对其PPO活性抑制作用较弱。     

氟氯苯氰菊酯条蜂场休药期规定的验证研究

将治螨药物氟氯苯氰菊酯条应用于蜂场,6周后抽取蜂蜜样品检测其残留状况。结果所有样品均未发现残留超标情况,验证了2005版《兽药使用指南》中关于氟氯苯氰菊酯条的休药期规定。     

Experimental study on the toxicity of imidacloprid given in syrup to honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies

Two groups of eight honey bee colonies were fed with two different concentrations of imidacloprid in saccharose syrup during summer (each colony was given 1 litre of saccharose syrup containing 0.5 microg litre(-1) or 5 microg litre(-1) of imidacloprid on 13 occasions). Their development and survival were followed in parallel with control hives (unfed or fed with saccharose syrup) until the end of the following winter. The parameters followed were: adult bee activity (number of bee entering the hive and pollen carrying activity), adult bee population level, capped brood area, frequency of parasitic and other diseases, mortality, number of frames with brood after wintering and a global score of colonies after wintering. The only parameters linked to feeding with imidacloprid-supplemented saccharose syrup when compared with feeding with non-supplemented syrup were: a statistically non-significant higher activity index of adult bees, a significantly higher frequency of pollen carrying during the feeding period and a larger number of capped brood cells. When imidacloprid was no longer applied, activity and pollen carrying were re-established at a similar level for all groups. Repeated feeding with syrup supplemented with imidacloprid did not provoke any immediate or any delayed mortality before, during or following the next winter, whereas such severe effects are described by several French bee keepers as a consequence of imidacloprid use for seed dressing in neighbouring cultures. In any case, during the whole study, mortality was very low in all groups, with no difference between imidacloprid-fed and control colonies. Further research should now address several hypotheses: the troubles described by bee keepers have causes other than imidacloprid; if such troubles are really due to this insecticide, they may only be observed either when bees consume contaminated pollen, when no other sources of food are available, in the presence of synergic factors (that still need to be identified), with some particular races of bees or when colonies are not strong and healthy.     

蜂蜜中双甲脒残留量检测方法

本文建立了蜂蜜中双甲脒残留量的气相色谱分析方法,并对萃取溶剂及衍生化试剂等８进行了讨论。蜂蜜中的双脒经水解、净化和衍生化后,用气相色谱－电子捕获检测器测定。其回收率为９０．５％￣１００．１％,变异系数１．６４％￣４．４０％,最低检测浓度为０．００２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

Emerging and re-emerging viruses of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Until the late 1980s, specific viral infections of the honey bee were generally considered harmless in all countries. Then, with the worldwide introduction of the ectoparasite mite Varroa destructor, beekeepers encountered increasing difficulties in maintaining their colonies. Epidemiological surveys and laboratory experiments have demonstrated that the newly acquired virulence of several viruses belonging to the family Dicistroviridae (acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir bee virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus) in Europe and the USA had been observed in relation with V. destructor acting as a disseminator of these viruses between and within bee colonies and as an activator of virus multiplication in the infected individuals: bee larvae and adults. Equal emphasis is given to deformed wing virus (DWV) belonging to the Iflaviridae. Overt outbreaks of DWV infections have been shown to be linked to the ability of V. destructor to act not only as a mechanical vector of DWV but also as a biological vector. Its replication in mites prior to its vectoring into pupae seemed to be necessary and sufficient for the induction of a overt infection in pupae developing in non-viable bees with deformed wings. DWV in V. destructor infested colonies is now considered as one of the key players of the final collapse. Various approaches for combating bee viral diseases are described: they include selection of tolerant bees, RNA interference and prevention of new pathogen introduction. None of these approaches are expected to lead to enhanced bee-health in the short term.     

Parallel Mechanism Composed of Abdominal Cuticles and Muscles Simulates the Complex and Diverse Movements of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera L.) Abdomen

The abdominal intersegmental structures allow insects, such as honey bees, dragonflies, butterflies, and drosophilae, to complete diverse behavioral movements. In order to reveal how the complex abdominal movements of these insects are produced, we use the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) as a typical insect to study the relationship between intersegmental structures and abdominal motions. Microstructure observational experiments are performed by using the stereoscope and the scanning electron microscope. We find that a parallel mechanism, composed of abdominal cuticle and muscles between the adjacent segments, produces the complex and diverse movements of the honey bee abdomen. These properties regulate multiple behavioral activities such as waggle dance and flight attitude adjustment. The experimental results demonstrate that it is the joint efforts of the muscles and membranes that connected the adjacent cuticles together. The honey bee abdomen can be waggled, expanded, contracted, and flexed with the actions of the muscles. From the view point of mechanics, a parallel mechanism is evolved from the intersegmental connection structures of the honey bee abdomen. Here, we conduct a kinematic analysis of the parallel mechanism to simulate the intersegmental abdominal motions.